How Does the Immune System Watch Over the Brain?
The doctors of immunology and pathology believe that every organ is looked after by our immune system. If there is an injury, tumor, or infection in the body, then the immune system is aware of it. A few researchers stated that the brain is an exception, but the studies showed that the brain’s immune surveillance also happens. Moreover, the central nervous system has got the ‘immune privilege,’ so the immune system tolerates antigens and foreign proteins, or tissues in the brain and spinal cord. However, it is seen that the immune system cannot usually respond to infections, tumors, and injuries in the brain and the spinal cord. The blood and brain barrier prevents the immune cells from entering or leaving.
Many studies have been undertaken to conclude the role of the immune system and brain. One of the 2015 studies by Dr. Kipnis also stated that in mice and humans, the network of vessels revealed in the Dura matter that was responsible for draining the cerebrospinal fluid from the brain into the lymph nodes the neck. These lymph nodes are found to be part of an extensive network of fluid-filled vessels that are known as the lymphatic system. When the pathogens were found to be accumulated in these lymph nodes, then it initiates an immune response.
In another study conducted by scientists from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis stated that’ “Immune cells are stationed in the Dura matter that is the tough outer membrane of the brain.” The scientists also monitored the cerebrospinal fluid that drains from the brain. If the molecular cards of cancer, infection, or injury are detected, it can lead to an immune response.
However, the study conducted by Dr. Kipnis in 2015 also showed an intimation connection between the brain and the immune system. In their experiment, the researchers further revealed that the small molecules from the brain and immune cells get accumulated in the sinuses. Few of these cells are known as the antigen-presenting cells that also includes dendritic cells. They pick up suspicious molecules and present them to other immune cells called the T-cells that patrol the body in the bloodstream. When these T-cells bind to the suspicious molecules, they initiate the immune response. This anatomical and tangible structure proves that our brain and immune system are intimately intertwined somehow.
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